by John gaines Why do hundreds of thousands online traders and investors trade the forex market every day, and how do they make money doing it? This two-part report clearly and simply details essential tips on how to avoid typical pitfalls and start making more money in your forex trading.

1. Trade pairs, not currencies - Like any relationship, you have to know both sides. Success or failure in forex trading depends upon being right about both currencies and how they impact one another, not just one.
2. Knowledge is Power - When starting out trading forex online, it is essential that you understand the basics of this market if you want to make the most of your investments. The main forex influencer is global news and events. For example, say an ECB statement is released on European interest rates which typically will cause a flurry of activity. Most newcomers react violently to news like this and close their positions and subsequently miss out on some of the best trading opportunities by waiting until the market calms down. The potential in the forex market is in the volatility, not in its tranquility.
3. Unambitious trading - Many new traders will place very tight orders in order to take very small profits. This is not a sustainable approach because although you may be profitable in the short run (if you are lucky), you risk losing in the longer term as you have to recover the difference between the bid and the ask price before you can make any profit and this is much more difficult when you make small trades than when you make larger ones.
4. Over-cautious trading - Like the trader who tries to take small incremental profits all the time, the trader who places tight stop losses with a retail forex broker is doomed. As we stated above, you have to give your position a fair chance to demonstrate its ability to produce. If you don’t place reasonable stop losses that allow your trade to do so, you will always end up undercutting yourself and losing a small piece of your deposit with every trade.
5. Independence - If you are new to forex, you will either decide to trade your own money or to have a broker trade it for you. So far, so good. But your risk of losing increases exponentially if you either of these two things: Interfere with what your broker is doing on your behalf (as his strategy might require a long gestation period); Seek advice from too many sources - multiple input will only result in multiple losses. Take a position, ride with it and then analyse the outcome - by yourself, for yourself.
6. Tiny margins - Margin trading is one of the biggest advantages in trading forex as it allows you to trade amounts far larger than the total of your deposits. However, it can also be dangerous to novice traders as it can appeal to the greed factor that destroys many forex traders. The best guideline is to increase your leverage in line with your experience and success.
7. No strategy - The aim of making money is not a trading strategy. A strategy is your map for how you plan to make money. Your strategy details the approach you are going to take, which currencies you are going to trade and how you will manage your risk. Without a strategy, you may become one of the 90% of new traders that lose their money.
8. Trading Off-Peak Hours - Professional FX traders, option traders, and hedge funds posses a huge advantage over small retail traders during off-peak hours (between 2200 CET and 1000 CET) as they can hedge their positions and move them around when there is far small trade volume is going through (meaning their risk is smaller). The best advice for trading during off peak hours is simple - don’t.
9. The only way is up/down - When the market is on its way up, the market is on its way up. When the market is going down, the market is going down. That’s it. There are many systems which analyse past trends, but none that can accurately predict the future. But if you acknowledge to yourself that all that is happening at any time is that the market is simply moving, you’ll be amazed at how hard it is to blame anyone else.
10. Trade on the news - Most of the really big market moves occur around news time. Trading volume is high and the moves are significant; this means there is no better time to trade than when news is released. This is when the big players adjust their positions and prices change resulting in a serious currency flow.
11. Exiting Trades - If you place a trade and it’s not working out for you, get out. Don’t compound your mistake by staying in and hoping for a reversal. If you’re in a winning trade, don’t talk yourself out of the position because you’re bored or want to relieve stress; stress is a natural part of trading; get used to it.
12. Don’t trade too short-term - If you are aiming to make less than 20 points profit, don’t undertake the trade. The spread you are trading on will make the odds against you far too high.
13. Don’t be smart - The most successful traders I know keep their trading simple. They don’t analyse all day or research historical trends and track web logs and their results are excellent.
14. Tops and Bottoms - There are no real “bargains” in trading foreign exchange. Trade in the direction the price is going in and you’re results will be almost guaranteed to improve.
15. Ignoring the technicals- Understanding whether the market is over-extended long or short is a key indicator of price action. Spikes occur in the market when it is moving all one way.
16. Emotional Trading - Without that all-important strategy, you’re trades essentially are thoughts only and thoughts are emotions and a very poor foundation for trading. When most of us are upset and emotional, we don’t tend to make the wisest decisions. Don’t let your emotions sway you.
17. Confidence - Confidence comes from successful trading. If you lose money early in your trading career it’s very difficult to regain it; the trick is not to go off half-cocked; learn the business before you trade. Remember, knowledge is power.

The second and final part of this report clearly and simply details more essential tips on how to avoid the pitfalls and start making more money in your forex trading.

1. Take it like a man - If you decide to ride a loss, you are simply displaying stupidity and cowardice. It takes guts to accept your loss and wait for tomorrow to try again. Sticking to a bad position ruins lots of traders - permanently. Try to remember that the market often behaves illogically, so don’t get commit to any one trade; it’s just a trade. One good trade will not make you a trading success; it’s ongoing regular performance over months and years that makes a good trader.
2. Focus - Fantasising about possible profits and then “spending” them before you have realised them is no good. Focus on your current position(s) and place reasonable stop losses at the time you do the trade. Then sit back and enjoy the ride - you have no real control from now on, the market will do what it wants to do.
3. Don’t trust demos - Demo trading often causes new traders to learn bad habits. These bad habits, which can be very dangerous in the long run, come about because you are playing with virtual money. Once you know how your broker’s system works, start trading small amounts and only take the risk you can afford to win or lose.
4. Stick to the strategy - When you make money on a well thought-out strategic trade, don’t go and lose half of it next time on a fancy; stick to your strategy and invest profits on the next trade that matches your long-term goals.
5. Trade today - Most successful day traders are highly focused on what’s happening in the short-term, not what may happen over the next month. If you’re trading with 40 to 60-point stops focus on what’s happening today as the market will probably move too quickly to consider the long-term future. However, the long-term trends are not unimportant; they will not always help you though if you’re trading intraday.
6. The clues are in the details - The bottom line on your account balance doesn’t tell the whole story. Consider individual trade details; analyse your losses and the telling losing streaks. Generally, traders that make money without suffering significant daily losses have the best chance of sustaining positive performance in the long term.
7. Simulated Results - Be very careful and wary about infamous “black box” systems. These so-called trading signal systems do not often explain exactly how the trade signals they generate are produced. Typically, these systems only show their track record of extraordinary results - historical results. Successfully predicting future trade scenarios is altogether more complex. The high-speed algorithmic capabilities of these systems provide significant retrospective trading systems, not ones which will help you trade effectively in the future.
8. Get to know one cross at a time - Each currency pair is unique, and has a unique way of moving in the marketplace. The forces which cause the pair to move up and down are individual to each cross, so study them and learn from your experience and apply your learning to one cross at a time.
9. Risk Reward - If you put a 20 point stop and a 50 point profit your chances of winning are probably about 1-3 against you. In fact, given the spread you’re trading on, it’s more likely to be 1-4. Play the odds the market gives you.
10. Trading for Wrong Reasons - Don’t trade if you are bored, unsure or reacting on a whim. The reason that you are bored in the first place is probably because there is no trade to make in the first place. If you are unsure, it’s probably because you can’t see the trade to make, so don’t make one.
11. Zen Trading- Even when you have taken a position in the markets, you should try and think as you would if you hadn’t taken one. This level of detachment is essential if you want to retain your clarity of mind and avoid succumbing to emotional impulses and therefore increasing the likelihood of incurring losses. To achieve this, you need to cultivate a calm and relaxed outlook. Trade in brief periods of no more than a few hours at a time and accept that once the trade has been made, it’s out of your hands.
12. Determination - Once you have decided to place a trade, stick to it and let it run its course. This means that if your stop loss is close to being triggered, let it trigger. If you move your stop midway through a trade’s life, you are more than likely to suffer worse moves against you. Your determination must be show itself when you acknowledge that you got it wrong, so get out.
13. Short-term Moving Average Crossovers - This is one of the most dangerous trade scenarios for non professional traders. When the short-term moving average crosses the longer-term moving average it only means that the average price in the short run is equal to the average price in the longer run. This is neither a bullish nor bearish indication, so don’t fall into the trap of believing it is one.
14. Stochastic - Another dangerous scenario. When it first signals an exhausted condition that’s when the big spike in the “exhausted” currency cross tends to occur. My advice is to buy on the first sign of an overbought cross and then sell on the first sign of an oversold one. This approach means that you’ll be with the trend and have successfully identified a positive move that still has some way to go. So if percentage K and percentage D are both crossing 80, then buy! (This is the same on sell side, where you sell at 20).
15. One cross is all that counts - EURUSD seems to be trading higher, so you buy GBPUSD because it appears not to have moved yet. This is dangerous. Focus on one cross at a time - if EURUSD looks good to you, then just buy EURUSD.
16. Wrong Broker - A lot of FOREX brokers are in business only to make money from yours. Read forums, blogs and chats around the net to get an unbiased opinion before you choose your broker.
17. Too bullish - Trading statistics show that 90% of most traders will fail at some point. Being too bullish about your trading aptitude can be fatal to your long-term success. You can always learn more about trading the markets, even if you are currently successful in your trades. Stay modest, and keep your eyes open for new ideas and bad habits you might be falling in to.
18. Interpret forex news yourself - Learn to read the source documents of forex news and events - don’t rely on the interpretations of news media or others.

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PENGELOLAAN DARAH & BIAYA PENGGANTIAN PENGELOLAAN (Service Cost )
Upaya kesehatan Transfusi Darah adalah upaya kesehatan yang bertujuan agar penggunaan darah berguna bagi keperluan pengobatan dan pemulihan kesehatan . Kegiatan ini mencakup antara lain :pengerahan donor,penyumbangan darah, pengambilan, pengamanan, pengolahan, penyimpanan, dan penyampaian darah kepada pasien.

Kegiatan tersebut harus dilakukan dengan sebaik-baiknya sesuai standar yang telah ditetapkan, sehingga darah yang dihasilkan adalah darah yang keamanannya terjamin. Demikian juga dengan donornya, donor yang menyumbagkan darahnya juga tetap selalu sehat.

Kelancaran pelaksanaan upaya kesehatan transfusi darah di atas sangat terkait dengan dukungan faktor ketenagaan, peralatan, dana dan sistem pengelolaannya yang hakikatnya kesemuanya itu memerlukan biaya.

Biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk proses kegiatan tersebut diatas adalah biaya pengelolaan darah ( Service Cost) , yang pada prakteknya manfaatnya ditujukan kepada pengguna darah di rumah sakit. Penarikan service cost/biaya pengelolaan darah untuk pemakaian darah dilakukan semata-mata sebagai penggantian pengelolaan darah sejak darah diambil dari donor sukarela sampai darah ditransfusikan pada orang sakit dan bukan untuk membayar darah.

Pengelolaan Darah
Yang dimaksud dengan pengelolaan darah adalah tahapan kegiatan untuk mendapatkan darah sampai dengan kondisi siap pakai, yang mencakup antara lain :

• Rekruitmen donor.
• Pengambilan darah donor.
• Pemeriksaan uji saring.
• Pemisahan darah menjadi komponen darah.
• Pemeriksaan golongan darah.
• Pemeriksaan kococokan darah donor dengan pasien.
• Penyimpanan darah di suhu tertentu
• Dan lain-lain.

Untuk melaksanakan tugas tersebut dibutuhkan sarana penunjang teknis dan personil seperti :

• Kantong darah.
• Peralatan untuk mengambil darah.
• Reagensia untuk memeriksa uji saring, pemeriksaan golongan darah, kecocokan darah donor dan pasien.
• Alat-alat untuk menyimpan dan alat pemisah darah menjadi komponen darah.
• Peralatan untuk pemeriksaan proses tersebut.
• Pasokan daya listrik untuk proses tersebut dan
• Personil PMI yang melaksanakan tugas tersebut

Peranan ketersediaan prasarana di atas sangat menentukan berjalannya proses pengolahan darah. Untuk itu pengadaan dana menjadi penting dalam rangka menjamin ketersediaan prasarana tersebut, PMI menetapkan perlunya biaya pengolahan darah ( service cost).

“Service Cost “
Besarnya jumlah Service Cost yang ditetapkan standar oleh PMI adalah sebesar Rp 128.500,- Namun demikian dalam prakteknya di beberapa rumah sakit, terutama swasta, jumlahnya bisa disesuaikan dengan keadaan RS-nya. oleh karena adanya kebijakan “subsidi silang”. Bagi yang tak mampu, pembebasan service cost juga dapat dikenakan sejauh memenuhi prosedur administrasi yang berlaku.

“Service cost” tetap harus dibayar walaupun pemohon darah membawa sendiri donor darahnya. Mengapa demikian? Karena bagaimanapun darah tersebut untuk dapat sampai kepada orang sakit yang membutuhkan darah tetap memerlukan prosedur seperti tersebut diatas.

Demikian pula Service Cost tetap ditarik walaupun PMI telah menerima sumbangan dari masyarakat karena hasil sumbangan masyarakat tersebut masih jauh dari mencukupi kebutuhan operasional Unit Darah Daerah PMI DKI Jakarta.
Penarikan service cost di Jakarta khususnya dapat dilakukan di :
+ Rumah Sakit
Rumah sakit yang sudah mempunyai Bank Darah atau yang belum mempunyai Bank Darah tetapi permintaan darahnya banyak.
Kemudian UTDD PMI DKI akan menagih setiap bulan ke rumah sakit tersebut, berdasarkan jumlah pemakaian darah.

+ UTDD ( Unit Transfusi Darah Daerah ) PMI DKI Jakarta
Untuk rumah sakit-rumah sakit yang letaknya jauh dari UTDD dan permintaan darahnya sedikit/jarang maka service cost akan ditarik langsung oleh UTDD.
Setiap pembayaran service cost disertai tanda bukti pembayaran yang sah dari rumah sakit atau dari UTDD PMI DKI Jakarta.

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4. PEMAKAIAN DARAH
+ Pemecahan Darah menjadi Komponen
Darah terdiri dari bagian-bagian atau komponen darah dengan fungsinya masing-masing. Komponen-komponen darah yang penting adalah eritrosit, leukosit, trombosit, plasma dan faktor pembekuan darah. Dengan kemajuan teknologi kedokteran, komponen-komponen darah tersebut dapat dipisah-pisahkan dengan suatu proses.

+ Pengguna Darah sesuai Komponen
Keuntungan terapi komponen darah, bagi penderita jelas, oleh karena hanya menerima komponen darah yang dibutuhkan.
Darah dapat pula disimpan dalam bentuk komponen-komponen darah yaitu: eritrosit, luekosit, trombosit, plasma dan faktor-faktor pembekuan darah dengan proses tertentu yaitu dengan Refrigerated Centrifuge.

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5. GOLONGAN DARAH
Apakah Golongan Darah itu?
Golongan darah ditentukan adanya suatu zat/antigen yang terdapat dalam sel darah merah. Dalam system ABO yang ditemukan Lansteiner tahnu 1900, golongan darah dibagi:

Siapa yang menemukan asal muasal golongan darah pada manusia?
Landsteiner adalah orang yang menemukan 3 dari 4 golongan darah dalam ABO system pada tahun 1900 dengan cara memeriksa golongan darah beberapa teman sekerjanya. Percobaan dilakukan dengan melakukan reaksi antara sel darah merah dan serum dari donor. Hasilnya adalah dua macam reaksi dan dan satu macam tanpa reaksi. Kesimpulannya ada dua macam antigen A dan B di sel darah merah yang disebut golongan A dan B, atau samasekali tidak ada reaksi yang disebut golongan O.

Lantas, siapa yang menemukan golongan darah AB?
Von Decastello dan Sturli pada tahun 1901 yang menemukan golongan darah AB di mana kedua antigen A dan B ditemukan secara bersamaan pada sel darah merah sedangkan pada serum tidak ditemukan antibody.

Apakah Rh/Rhesus Faktor itu?
Rh Faktor adalah juga semacam sistem golongan darah, dengan melihat ada/tidak adanya antigen Rh di dalam sel darah merahnya.

Apakah ada macam golongan darah lain?
Selain ABO dan Rh, masih ada banyak sistem penggolongan darah menurut antigen yang terdapat dalam sel darah merah antara lain : MWSP, Lutheran, Duffy, Lewis, Kell dan sebagainya.

Berapa kalikah kita boleh menyumbangkan darah?
Sebaiknya secara teratur, maksimal 4-6 kali setahun, atau 2-3 bulan sekali penyumbangan dengan jarak waktu sangat dekat adalah sangat berbahaya karena tidak baik untuk kesehatan.

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